Health Alert: Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis throughout history  

Gastroenteritis, commonly known as gastro or ‘stomach flu‘, affects millions worldwide. This illness, caused by various viruses, bacteria, and parasites, leads to inflammation and infection of the digestive tract. Although it is usually a short-term ailment, gastro can lead to severe dehydration and complications, especially in vulnerable groups such as infants, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems. Historical accounts show that outbreaks have frequently occurred in settings with close human contact and compromised sanitation, highlighting the importance of public health measures in preventing its spread. 

How is gastroenteritis being addressed globally? 

Efforts to combat gastroenteritis are multifaceted, involving improved sanitation, vaccination, and public health education. Vaccines for rotavirus, one of the leading viral causes, have significantly reduced the incidence of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. However, the challenge remains in regions with limited access to clean water and healthcare. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other global health bodies continue to emphasise the importance of hygiene, safe food practices, and rapid response to outbreaks to control the spread of gastroenteritis. 

Minimise your risk of gastroenteritis 

Preventing gastroenteritis largely revolves around maintaining good hygiene and being cautious about food and water consumption. Here are some effective strategies: 

• Handwashing: Regularly wash your hands with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the loo. 
• Safe food practices: Ensure food is cooked thoroughly and avoid raw or undercooked items. 
• Clean water: Drink and use clean, treated water. 
• Sanitation: Keep surfaces clean, especially in kitchens and bathrooms. 
• Vaccination: For rotavirus, vaccination is recommended for infants to prevent severe cases. 

What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis? 

Symptoms of gastroenteritis can vary but typically include: 

• Diarrhoea 
• Vomiting 
• Stomach pain and cramps 
• Fever 
• Fatigue 
• Body aches 
• Loss of appetite 
• Bloating and chills 

What to do if you think you have gastroenteritis 

If you suspect you have gastroenteritis, it’s crucial to manage your symptoms and prevent dehydration. Here are the steps to follow: 

• Hydrate: Drink plenty of fluids such as water, oral rehydration solutions (incl. electrolytes + sugar), or clear broths. 
• Rest: Give your body time to recover by staying at home and resting. 
• Diet: Eat bland, easy-to-digest foods like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (the BRAT diet). 
• Medical help: Seek medical advice if symptoms are severe or persistent, particularly in vulnerable individuals. 

 Medicines for gastroenteritis 

Treatment for gastroenteritis primarily involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration. In bacterial cases, antibiotics may be prescribed. Anti–emetics can help control vomiting, and anti–diarrhoeal medications may be used in specific cases, although they are generally not recommended for children. 

 Did you know? 

• Misnomer: While often called ‘stomach flu’, gastroenteritis is not related to the influenza virus. 
• Global impact: According to the World Health Organization, diarrhoeal diseases, including gastroenteritis, are a leading cause of mortality in children under five in developing countries. 
• Rapid spread: Norovirus, one of the causes of gastroenteritis, can spread rapidly in closed environments like cruise ships, nursing homes, and schools, often leading to outbreaks. For an example, read about the dramatic outbreak of gastro on a cruise ship 
• Severe impact on children: Gastroenteritis can be deadly for children in developing countries due to dehydration and lack of access to medical care. Read more about its impact here 

Gastroenteritis, while common and often mild, requires vigilance in hygiene and public health practices to manage and prevent outbreaks. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures can help reduce its impact on communities worldwide.